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在学期中将要准备两个实验报告。这里有一些指引，以帮助您在编写报告。试卷结构：该文件将被构造为典型的生物学期刊文章。
You will be asked to prepare two lab reports during the semester. Here are some guidelines to help you in writing your reports.
I. PAPER STRUCTURE
A. The paper will be structured as a typical biology journal article
1. Do not use statements such as “the purpose of this lab…” Rather, say something like: “This experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that…”
B. The report will be divided into appropriate sections (see “Structure” section for details)
II. LATE POLICY
For each day that a paper is late, there will be a deduction of 20% of the total grade for that report.
III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS:
A. Reports must be typed on a computer and the pages stapled together.
B. Hard copies must be submitted; your report will be considered late if it is not turned in at the beginning of class on the given due date (see below for late policy)
C. You must submit your assignment to Safe Assign on Blackboard
IV. FORMAT
A. Title Page: The face page should contain the title of the experiment, the author of the report (you), class section time, and date submitted.
B. Page Format:
1. One-inch margins all around, i.e., top, bottom, left, and right.
2. Last name and page number are to appear as the header in the upper right-hand corner.
3. Use double spacing so that the reader may insert comments and he/she does not go blind reading your report.
4. Use section headings. The reader should not have to guess when the Results section has concluded and the Discussion section has begun.
C. Other considerations:
1. A professional product is expected. This means that there will not be widows (the first line of a paragraph is left hanging at the end of a page) or orphans (the last line of a paragraph is left hanging by itself at the beginning of a page) and section headings will not be found floating by themselves at the end of a page. This means you should look over your hardcopy to be sure it is clean and presentable.
2. Tables, charts, and figures will be clearly labeled and given a title. References to these items in your text will be specific, naming the referenced item by name, e. g., Figure 1 or Table 1.
3. When using abbreviations or Latin usages, be sure to use them correctly. The terms that is (i. e.) and such as (e. g.) have different meanings.
4. Be sure of your usage of Latin or Greek words. The word data is the plural for the word datum, meaning fact. Just as we say, “The facts are clear in this case that…,” so we say, “The data are clear in the case that….”
V. GRAMMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. Style and Composition
a. You should use the first person when you are describing your thinking and what you did (in the Discussion section, ONLY). e.g. “From our data, we concluded that …” In all other sections, use third person, especially in the Methods section. e.g. The Benedict’s test was performed mixing 10 drops of sample with 10 drops of Benedict’s solution.”
b. A proficient use of English and the rules of writing associated with English are expected. All sentences are expected to use verbs.
c. Do not use command sentences (like this one).
d. Use correct spelling.
e. Syntax and use of language will be assessed.
f. Know the differences among the following word: right, write, and wright; too, to, and two; their and they’re; its and it’s; your and you’re. This is by no means a complete list. Use your grammar checker and proofread your work!
g. You will get a perfect score only when no spelling, grammatical, or analytical errors occur in the paper.
B. Tense: Write your paper in the past tense. You are reporting something you have already done, not something you will do or are in the process of doing.
VI. PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is theft. It is dishonest. It will not be tolerated. Remember that you may quote another person’s work, or even paraphrase it as long as you give credit and cite the work you are quoting, paraphrasing, or referring to. Remember, using someone else’s ideas without giving them credit is a form a plagiarism and is certainly intellectual theft. When in doubt, cite the source! In addition, all work for individual lab reports MUST contain your own words, even though you are sharing data with other students. Any act of plagiarism (intended or unintended), will result in a failing grade for the lab report and CAN result in withdrawal from class.
VII. STRUCTURE
The basic scientific paper consists of an abstract, introduction, a description of materials and methods used during the experiment, a presentation of the results obtained, and a discussion of those results:
A. Title Page: The face page should contain the title of the experiment, the author of the report (you), class section time, and date submitted.
B. Abstract (1 paragraph): This appears first in the paper, but it is the last section written. In the Abstract:
1. State the major objective(s) and scope of the experiment,
2. Briefly describe the methodology used (1 sentence),
3. Summarize the results, and
4. State the major conclusions – including reasons for failure (wherever applicable).
5. Was the hypothesis validated or invalidated?
C. Introduction: In this section you should provide general background information on the subject to orient the reader to the subject matter in the experiment. Essentially, the introduction “sets up your story”. This section should tell the reader what is already known about your topic. You will need to use a minimum of 2 citations in this section. This can be followed by a very brief description (1-2 sentences) of the problem that was investigated and your questions, explaining why they are interesting and relevant to your world. Every report must include a clearly stated hypothesis, and, if relevant, alternative hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement of what may or may not occur under defined conditions. Your hypothesis must be clearly (readily identifiable) presented in this section of your report. Remember that a hypothesis does not have to be correct, just testable.
D. Materials and Methods: In this section, you must describe the procedure you used to conduct your experiment in complete sentences. Use as much detail in this section as is necessary so that anyone could repeat your experiment just by reading your paper (e.g. how much water was added? what temperature was used? how long was something incubated?...). State your independent variables (what you varied in your experiment) and dependent variables (what you measured). Also mention which variables you took special care to control (e.g. temperature, light). Be sure to describe the lab equipment as well. Include a diagram if it will help show how you set up the experiment. Cite the lab manual, if you refer to procedures written there. This section is always written in the third person using the past tense.
E. Results: Here you describe the actual results of your experiment, but you must first give a rationale for doing the experiment AND you must describe what you did to obtain the data that you are presenting in this section (If in doubt – refer to a journal article). These things will help orient the reader (who will often not read the methods section before they read this section.) You should describe the data in such a manner that if the reader chose not to look at the figures, tables or graphs, they could still understand your data. The data must be summarized in figures, tables or graphs, which must be clearly labeled including a title and a figure/table number and referred to specifically by name when they are being discussed. Figures and tables must contain a legend, explaining briefly how the result was generated. The writing in this section should highlight the important results that you have found by referring to the graph(s) and table(s) e.g. “The protein content was highest in the milk sample as shown in Figure 1.” Don’t just repeat all of the data in the table/figures; rather, mention the important points so the reader is aware of the pertinent results. You must present both your raw data and calculated re¬sults. For the calculated results, a sample calculation can be provided so that we can determine how you obtained the calculated values. When graphs are used, be sure that both axes are labeled correct¬ly. Remember that the dependent variable is ALWAYS presented on the vertical axis. As a general rule, the intersection of the X- and Y-axes should be the zero point. The spacing between time points should be proportional to the elapsed time.
All data MUST be reported. Deleting data to suite your hypothesis is the same as inventing data in order to suite your hypothesis. If there are data that appear to be erroneous, you may choose not to use those data or datum, but you must still include it in the results and justify your decision not to use it. Finally, if an experiment fails, consult your instructor (your instructor may allow you to obtain results from a classmate). You cannot receive full credit for a report that has no data analysis. If you use outside data, you must state the source of the results.
F. Discussion: This is the most important part of the paper. In this section, you have the opportunity to discuss the relationships observed in your results as well as the importance of you results to biologists, farmers, the economy, the field of medicine, etc.
Remember, in your Discussion, you do not reiterate your results, rather you interpret them and discuss their meaning. Present the principles, relationships and generalizations as shown by your results. Do not assume that your reader will follow your logic – lead them through your thinking, but be concise.
It should contain a fluent description of what you expected to take place during the experiment. Present a discussion of your results as it relates to your hypothesis. http://www.steelbee.net/baogao/c650 Bring attention to data that support your hypothesis. You must also bring attention to data that contradict your hypothesis and provide possible explanations for why the data do not correlate with your hypothesis. Briefly discuss your ideas surrounding these results and cite other studies that may help explain your observations. It is typically easier to write a discussion when your data do not support your hypothesis. However, that does not mean you should create a hypothesis that will purposely not be correct. Finally, you should also compare and contrast your results with other work in the field; do your results and interpretations agree or disagree with other members of your class?
Discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the work… be creative here. What is the “big picture” significance of your work? This is where you put yourself into the paper and use the first person. Discuss what you think this work means or adds to our understanding: how are these findings relevant to the world around us? Make suggestions for future research in this area (e.g. what hypotheses should/could be tested?). This part of the Discussion can be based on both your own ideas and on other studies. You will need to use a minimum of 2 citations in this section.
In the final paragraph, state your conclusions clearly and concisely. Was your hypothesis supported and what general conclusions can you draw based on your results. Remember that conclusions are NOT the same and you actual results: results are what you actually found in the experiment, while conclusions are what those results mean. Summarize your evidence for each conclusion.
G. References: In writing your Introduction, Materials & Methods, and Discussion, you will need to support your assertions and contentions with citations from the literature. You may cite such sources as journal articles, textbooks, the lab manual, an encyclopedia, a dictionary, or any other useful sources. Be very wary of using websites – anyone can write anything and put it on a website. Sources must be cited within the text of your paper, using the format described elsewhere. In brief, use the following format in this section:
Author last name, Initials; other authors. Year. Title of article. Journal name. Vol #:pages.
Ahre, H.U. and S.B. Else. 1998. Choosing the right poster board for your scientific paper. Journal of Scientific Presentation 222:111-112.
There is minimum of 4 primary sources for the Osmosis and Diffusion report, 2 in the Introduction and 2 in the Discussion.
There is minimum of 6 primary sources for the Transformation report, 2 in the Introduction and 2 in the Discussion and 2 more wherever they are needed (in the Intro or Discussion or Methods).
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